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Primary Characteristics Affect
Secondary Morphology and Grade


The primary structural elements of the tubes such as the diameter and wall # distributions influence the character of the secondary structure, which we call ropes. Similar to traditional semi-crystalline polymers, the fullerene nanotubes attract each other through van der Waal forces and bundle together. These bundles, or ropes, can exhibit high crystallinity as shown in Figure 8, or they can be totally non-crystalline as shown in Figure 9. Depending on the application, grades having high concentrations of one type of rope structure may be more desirable.


Figure 8.
Crystalline Rope Containing DWNT with a Nearly
Monodisperse Diameter Distribution


TEM OF ROPE CROSS-SECTION

Figure 9.
Amorphous (Non-Crystalline Rope) Containing SWNT and DWNT
with Polydisperse Diamter Distribution.


Tornado Diagram